11 April 2004, Jeffrey Gettleman / NY Times News Service via ABS-CBN Interactive
BAGHDAD, Iraq - Just the other day, on the outskirts of town, clouds of black smoke boiled up from the highway. A fuel truck was on fire, engulfed in flames.
Another day in Baghdad. Another hit on a military convoy. But when a photographer and I left our car to take pictures, it was clear we were stepping into another Iraq.
Insurgents flooded onto the roadway, masks over their faces, machine guns in their hands. They began to fire at approaching Humvees. The neighborhood around us scattered into a mosaic of panic. Women slammed gates behind them. Cars shot gravel from their tires as they raced away. And we were just 20 minutes outside the city center in a place that until the last few days was as safe as any.
In Kufa, a palm-lined town on the Euphrates, bearded Shiite militiamen who swear their allegiance to a rebel cleric are driving around in police cars. U.S. officials had just bought those police cars. U.S. soldiers had just trained the policemen who had been riding in them.
In the Khadamiya neighborhood, one of the prettiest spots in Baghdad, men passed out grenades where just days ago children sat under umbrellas, licking ice cream. It was stunning how natural it looked, how quickly armed men seemed the norm, how nobody seemed to bat an eye, even though the heart of Baghdad now looked like the heart of Kabul.
The atmosphere in Iraq has completely changed. In just a week, a fading guerrilla war has exploded into a popular uprising. "Six months of work is completely gone," said a State Department official working in southern Iraq. "There is nothing to show for it."
It was as if the clock had been set back to the early days of occupation. Again tanks are blasting apart targets in Baghdad neighborhoods. Cities like Fallujah and Ramadi are under siege or, more accurately, resiege.
But there is a difference. Back then, last April, when I was a reporter embedded with the U.S. Army, Iraq seemed as if it was slowly coming under control. Now, after three months on my current stint here, that nascent sense of order is collapsing into chaos.
Why did the Shiites, who had been patient for a year, all of a sudden pour into the streets to kill Americans? Why are at least some Shiite and Sunni groups, who used to be rivals, now cooperating? How did the slaughter and mutilation of four American civilians in Fallujah set off a chain reaction that reverberated beyond the Sunni Triangle and jolted the entire country?
I punched out an e-mail message to Kenneth W. Stein, a Middle East historian at Emory University, who suggested in response that the killing of four American contract workers in Fallujah on March 31, and the macabre celebration afterward made extreme violence possible and even invigorating. "These examples whip up emotions, show to the public just how successful the struggle is against the foreigner, the occupier, the alien," Stein wrote. "Pack mentality can overcome reason and propriety."
But before Fallujah two things happened -- clear in retrospect -- that helped unravel what little hope was here.
The first was hundreds of miles away. On March 22, in the Gaza Strip, Israeli forces assassinated Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the leader of Hamas who was a hero to Palestinians. Outraged Arabs hit the streets in Baghdad and other Middle Eastern capitals. Many Americans in Iraq braced themselves for reprisals.
A few days after Yassin was killed, U.S. authorities shut down the Hawza newspaper, the mouthpiece of Muqtada al-Sadr, a radical Shiite cleric. The paper had been accused of printing lies. But closing it only played into al-Sadr’s hand, fueling huge protests by his followers.
Then Fallujah happened. The group that took responsibility said it was avenging Yassin.
The sheik’s ghost returned to Iraq once more, on April 2, when al-Sadr announced that he was opening the Iraqi chapters of Hezbollah and Hamas, pro-Palestinian groups responsible for attacks on Israel.
The next day U.S. authorities announced arrest warrants for several of Sadr’s followers. His was soon to follow. On April 4 Iraq erupted. Al-Sadr ordered his followers to take over government offices in Shiite areas across the country. In just days, the fighting pulled in thousands of people who weren’t fighters before, and who took on a new identity. Until then, the insurgency had been a mysterious force behind a red and white checkered scarf. It had no uniform, no ideology, no face.
But al-Sadr provided those. Posters of him are everywhere now, even in Sunni strongholds like Fallujah, something that would have been unthinkable before this crisis.
Al-Sadr is only 31 years old. In the world of holy men, he is considered a religious lightweight. Compared with Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani, the more moderate Shiite cleric whose decrees carry the force of law, al-Sadr’s voice is just a suggestion.
But al-Sadr seemed to tap into a Shiite backlash that had been percolating for some time.
War’s Full Fury is Suddenly Everywhere Across Iraq
